Regulating STING in health and disease

Table 1 STING is activated by a range of pathogens

Name	Type of Pathogen	Mechanism of STING activation	References
Adenovirus	Non-enveloped linear dsDNA virus	dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic)	[20]
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus	Enveloped dsDNA virus	dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic) and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear)	[21]
Herpes simplex virus	Enveloped dsDNA virus	dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic) and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear)	[22, 23]
Epstein-Barr virus	dsDNA virus	dsDNA activates IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear)	[24]
Human cytomegalovirus	dsDNA virus	dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic), DAI-STING (cytoplasmic), and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear)	[25,26,27]
Sendai virus	Negative strand ssRNA virus	Possibly via RIG-I –dependent RNA detection which may in turn induce STING	[6]
Vesicular stomatitis virus	Negative strand ssRNA virus	Unknown	[6]
Human immunodeficiency virus	Negative strand ssRNA virus	dsDNA reverse transcribed from viral RNA induces cGAS-STING pathway	[28]
Influenza A virus	Negative strand ssRNA virus	Possibly via membrane fusion or unknown mechanism independent of DNA recognition	[29]
Mycobacteria tuberculosis	Bacteria producing c-di-GMP	c-di-GMP	[30, 31]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Bacteria dsDNA	Bacterial dsDNA	[32]
Streptococcus pyrogenes	Bacteria dsDNA	Bacterial dsDNA	[33]
Staphylococcus aureus	Bacteria producing c-di-AMP	c-di-AMP	[34]
Listeria monocytogenes	Bacteria producing c-di-AMP	c-di-AMP	[35]
Vibrio cholera	Bacteria producing 3′-3′ cGAMP	3′-3′ cGAMP	[36, 37]

Abbreviations: dsDNA double-stranded DNA, ssRNA single-stranded RNA
The type I interferon signal adaptor protein STING is responsible for mediating double-stranded DNA sensing responses and the detection of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides c-di-AMP, c-di-GMP, and 3′-3′ cGAMP. Many DNA viruses, RNA viruses and bacteria have been implicated in the activation of STING